The Reconstruction Era (1865–1877) marked a pivotal and turbulent chapter in American history, as the nation grappled with rebuilding the South, integrating millions of newly freed African Americans, and redefining the meaning of freedom and citizenship.

This presentation explores the political battles, social challenges, and economic hardships that shaped Reconstruction, from the rise of Radical Republicans and the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the resistance of white supremacist groups and the eventual collapse of federal efforts. Through these struggles, we examine how the hopes of a unified and just America were tested—and too often denied.

Born in Jersey City, NJ, John enlisted in the Army, served as a construction engineer, and graduated from CUNY with an Economics degree.